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UNIT-5-Nanomedicine and Nanodrug Delivery Systems

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Nanomedicine and Nanodrug Delivery Systems 1. Nanomedicine Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology in medicine for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases . It uses nanoparticles (1–100 nm) to deliver drugs more effectively to specific sites in the body. Advantages of Nanomedicine Targeted drug delivery Reduced side effects Improved drug solubility and stability Controlled and sustained drug release Better bioavailability Applications of Nanomedicine Cancer therapy Imaging and diagnostics Treatment of infections Gene therapy Vaccines 2. Nanodrug Administration Nanodrug administration refers to the methods used to introduce nanomedicines into the body. Common Routes of Administration Oral – easy but affected by digestion Intravenous (IV) – direct entry into bloodstream, most common Intramuscular – slow release Inhalation – for lung diseases Transdermal – through skin patche...
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UNIT-IV-Techniques to Construct Nanostructures and Characterisation of Nanoparticles

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Techniques to Construct Nanostructures and Characterisation of Nanoparticles 1. Techniques to Construct Nanostructures Nanostructures are materials with size in the nanometer range (1–100 nm). Special techniques are used to create and study them. A. Scanning Probe Instruments Scanning probe instruments are used to image, measure, and manipulate materials at the nanoscale . They work by scanning a very sharp tip over the surface. 1. Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) Uses a sharp metal tip and a conducting sample When the tip comes very close to the surface, electrons “tunnel” between tip and sample The tunneling current changes with surface atoms Produces atomic-level images Uses: Study surface atoms of metals and semiconductors Construct nanostructures atom by atom Limitations: Works only with conductive materials 2. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Uses a very fine tip attached to a flex...
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UNIT-III: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

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Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plants, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses 1. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Green synthesis means producing nanoparticles using natural biological materials instead of chemicals. It is eco-friendly, low-cost, and safe. Biological organisms contain proteins, enzymes, metabolites, or biomolecules that can reduce metal ions into nanoparticles. 2. Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis Plants contain phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, sugars, and proteins. These act as reducing and stabilizing agents. Process • Prepare plant extract (leaf, stem, bark, fruit). • Mix extract with metal salt solution (e.g., AgNO₃ for silver). • Phytochemicals convert metal ions into nanoparticles. • Colour change confirms formation (e.g., silver turns brown/yellowish). Advantages • Very simple process • No need for microbes • Fast reaction Examples • Silver nanoparticles from neem, tulsi, aloe vera • Gold nanoparticles from tea extract or...
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UNIT-II: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

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UNIT-II: Biomaterials- Introduction and Types. Biodegradable polymers. Biocompatibility, mechanical properties and Antibacterial Activity. DNA based nanomechanical devices, Biomaterial Nanocircuitry - DNA nanostructures for mechanics, computing and DNA based computation. 🧬 UNIT-II: Biomaterials and DNA Nanotechnology 1. Biomaterials: Introduction and Types What are Biomaterials? Materials used in medical devices that interact with the body. Must be safe , non-toxic , and biocompatible . Used in implants, prosthetics, drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc. Types of Biomaterials: Type Examples Key Features Metals Titanium, Stainless steel Strong, durable, used in bone plates, dental implants Ceramics Alumina, Zirconia Hard, wear-resistant, used in bone grafts, dental crowns Polymers Polyethylene, Silicone, Chitosan Flexible, biodegradable, used in sutures, drug delivery Composites Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers Combine p...
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