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UNIT-III: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

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Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plants, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses 1. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Green synthesis means producing nanoparticles using natural biological materials instead of chemicals. It is eco-friendly, low-cost, and safe. Biological organisms contain proteins, enzymes, metabolites, or biomolecules that can reduce metal ions into nanoparticles. 2. Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis Plants contain phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, sugars, and proteins. These act as reducing and stabilizing agents. Process • Prepare plant extract (leaf, stem, bark, fruit). • Mix extract with metal salt solution (e.g., AgNO₃ for silver). • Phytochemicals convert metal ions into nanoparticles. • Colour change confirms formation (e.g., silver turns brown/yellowish). Advantages • Very simple process • No need for microbes • Fast reaction Examples • Silver nanoparticles from neem, tulsi, aloe vera • Gold nanoparticles from tea extract or...
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UNIT-II: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

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UNIT-II: Biomaterials- Introduction and Types. Biodegradable polymers. Biocompatibility, mechanical properties and Antibacterial Activity. DNA based nanomechanical devices, Biomaterial Nanocircuitry - DNA nanostructures for mechanics, computing and DNA based computation. 🧬 UNIT-II: Biomaterials and DNA Nanotechnology 1. Biomaterials: Introduction and Types What are Biomaterials? Materials used in medical devices that interact with the body. Must be safe , non-toxic , and biocompatible . Used in implants, prosthetics, drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc. Types of Biomaterials: Type Examples Key Features Metals Titanium, Stainless steel Strong, durable, used in bone plates, dental implants Ceramics Alumina, Zirconia Hard, wear-resistant, used in bone grafts, dental crowns Polymers Polyethylene, Silicone, Chitosan Flexible, biodegradable, used in sutures, drug delivery Composites Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers Combine p...
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UNIT – I: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

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Bionanotechnology Bionanotechnology is the field that combines biology and nanotechnology.  It studies how biological systems work at the nanoscale and uses this knowledge to design new materials, tools, and technologies.  In biology, many structures—such as DNA, proteins, cell membranes, and enzymes—are naturally nanosized.  Bionanotechnology uses these natural nanosystems as models for creating new devices and materials that can help in medicine, agriculture, environment, and industry. Concepts Nanotechnology deals with materials sized between 1 and 100 nanometers.  At this scale, materials show special properties such as high surface area, increased reactivity, unique optical and magnetic behavior, and better strength.  When nanotechnology is applied to biological systems, it becomes bionanotechnology.  This field includes nanoscale imaging, nano-drug delivery, nano-biosensors, nano-diagnostics, and nano-enabled therapies. Definitions • Nanoparticle...
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NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY- Objectives

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  Objectives ·        To study about the basic knowledge about nanoparticles and its biological applications. Course outcome ·            Understand the fundamental principles of nanotechnology and their application to biomedical engineering. ·            Apply engineering and physics concepts to the nano-scale and to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of state-of-the-art nano-fabrication methods. ·            Evaluate processing conditions to engineer functional nanomaterials. ·            Apply and transfer interdisciplinary systems engineering approaches to the field of bio-and nanotechnology projects. ·            Characterization methods for nan...
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Kwashiorkor and Marasmus

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  Kwashiorkor and Marasmus (Protein-Energy Malnutrition Disorders) 1. Kwashiorkor Definition : Kwashiorkor is a severe form of protein deficiency that occurs mainly in children, even when calorie intake is adequate. Causes : Diet lacking in protein Often seen in developing countries during weaning (switching from breast milk to other foods) Infections that increase protein needs Symptoms : Swollen belly (edema) Thin muscles, but fat may be present Hair changes (thin, reddish, easily pulled out) Skin lesions and infections Irritability and apathy Delayed growth Treatment : Gradual reintroduction of protein Nutritional rehabilitation Treating infections Micronutrient supplementation 2. Marasmus Definition : Marasmus is a severe form of calorie (energy) deficiency , leading to extreme wasting of body tissues. Causes : Lack of all nutrients, especially calories and protein Chronic starvation Poverty, famin...
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Positive and negative feedback regulation of endocrine system

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Positive and negative feedback mechanisms are fundamental regulatory processes in the endocrine system, allowing the body to maintain homeostasis by adjusting hormone levels in response to changing internal and external conditions. Negative Feedback Regulation : Negative feedback is the most common mechanism of hormone regulation in the endocrine system. In this process, the response to a stimulus reduces the initial stimulus, thereby maintaining hormone levels within a narrow physiological range. Example : Regulation of thyroid hormones: When the thyroid gland releases thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), these hormones act on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to inhibit the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). As a result, TSH production decreases, leading to reduced thyroid hormone secretion. Conversely, when thyroid hormone levels decrease, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland increase TSH secretion, stimulating the thyroid gland to produce more hormones. Process :...
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Signal transduction and introduction to Hormonal receptors

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Signal transduction is the process by which cells respond to extracellular signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, and cytokines, by converting these signals into intracellular responses. This complex process involves a series of molecular events that relay the signal from the cell surface to the nucleus or other intracellular organelles, ultimately leading to a specific cellular response. Here's an overview of the general steps involved in signal transduction: Receptor Activation : The process begins when a signaling molecule, such as a hormone, binds to its specific receptor on the cell surface. Receptors are typically proteins that have binding sites for the signaling molecule. Signal Transduction : Upon ligand binding, the receptor undergoes a conformational change, which activates its intracellular domain or associated proteins. This activation sets off a cascade of events, often involving the recruitment and activation of various signaling molecules, suc...
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